![]() ![]() The Data volume contains all of your user data (e.g. You can think of the Data volume as a read-write "shadow" of the System volume. The snapshot is read-only and completely immutable. The System volume is no longer mounted at all on startup, rather a snapshot of the System volume is mounted and used as the startup disk. In macOS Big Sur, Apple expanded on the protection of the System volume with the introduction of a cryptographically sealed "Signed System Volume". #Carbon copy cloner not working freeThat doesn't mean that your Mac is 100% free from all possible attack vectors, rather it's just another line of defense against them. By mounting the volume read-only, it becomes impossible for attackers to make changes to the content of the macOS System volume. Perhaps the single, largest change in macOS Catalina is the manner in which the System volume is mounted on startup – it's read-only. If you take a look at Disk Utility, however, you'll see the two volumes as distinct, separate items. From the user perspective, these two volumes are treated as a single, unified volume. ![]() The two volumes within that group share special bonds and receive special treatment from the Finder and from each volume's filesystem. to "Macintosh HD - Data", its role is set to Data, and then a new volume is added to your startup disk's APFS container with the System role and simultaneously grouped with the Data volume. #Carbon copy cloner not working upgradeWhen you upgrade to Catalina, your current macOS system volume is renamed, e.g. Apple also greatly expanded the number of roles available for APFS volumes (now there are 16 unique roles). This is more of a conceptual grouping of volumes within an APFS container, not a new sub-structure. In macOS Catalina, Apple introduced another new concept to the APFS filesystem: volume groups. Normally a disk would not be partitioned in this manner, but it would be warranted, for example, if you wanted to maintain a clone of your startup disk on that same disk (e.g. "Other Volume B" is in a separate container, though, and does not share space with the volumes in container "A". In the example above, the three gray helper partitions, the System and Data volumes, and the "Other Volume" all have access to that 700GB chunk of storage. Unlike partitioning in the past, all of the volumes within the container share the space that is allocated to the container. Within the partitioning scheme you can create one or more APFS containers, and within each container, you can create one or more APFS volumes. The partitioning scheme encompasses the entire physical disk. The following graphic demonstrates a few of these APFS concepts: These roles allow the system to identify specific volumes for specific purposes, and then treat the volumes in specific ways (for example, any volume with the above roles would be hidden by default and also not mounted by default). At the time there were only three roles, and these went largely unnoticed by the average user: Preboot, Recovery, and VM (virtual memory). ![]() In macOS High Sierra, Apple added the concept of roles to volumes. All volumes within a container share the space that is available to the container separate APFS containers do not share space with each other. All APFS volumes reside within a container, and the container resides within the disk's partitioning scheme. When Apple introduced the APFS filesystem several years ago, it came with a new concept: the APFS container. ![]()
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